Basically it works by every component validating the next one before loading it.

• UEFI validates the bootloader
• Bootloader validates the OS

They do this by checking a cryptographic signature. Specifically, UEFI checks that the bootloader is signed by a certificate that is in turn signed by a certificate authority (CA). You can upload custom CA keys in the UEFI interface.

Per default, every UEFI ships with the Microsoft CA. That does not mean you can only run secureboot with Windows and you absolutely should enable secureboot on every machine you own. Microsoft does sign other signing keys allowing them to be also used with secureboot. For example, every major Linux distro has keys signed by the Microsoft CA and so secureboot works out of the box with those.

Even if you have an OS that does not have a signing key signed by the Microsoft CA, you can upload your own secureboot keys to get around that.

It should be pretty clear at this point that all of this is pointless if you do not set a UEFI password.

Been working with Linux every day for over a decade at my job. At home I run the most boring generic shit.

I wonder how accurate you can date a picture based on jpeg artifacts and resolution.

I would put truenas on the NAS, also put a VM on truenas with 16-24G of RAM.

Create a kubernetes or docker swarm cluster with server 1 and the nas vm and just have everything as containers. This way you just have one resource pool, and the containers will be started wherever there are enough resources available. The containers will mount NFS shares from truenas which truenas will create automatically as ZFS datasets. ZFS supports snapshots.

I just want to voice the thought that “ripped off” is not a good term for this. It has a very negative connotation. The reality is, people try all kinds of stuff and whatever works sticks. That’s a good thing.

You mean a hotbar? Minecraft didn’t come up with that.

That is impossible. There are more unique experiences than one can have in their lifetime. Getting a bachelors, meaning really surface level understanding in one topic takes three full time years. If you actually had nothing else to do, you could do that for maybe 15 topics. And that’s just learning. What about sports, music, traveling and the endless other human activities.

This is probably the way, because a traditional “mail server” is actually 4-5 different servers working together.

• postfix for SMTP
• dovecot for IMAP
• amavis to plug in…
• spamassassin as anti spam
• clam-av as antivirus

And they can all be very easily misconfigured to break everything completely. Great learning experience though.

But not paying for it almost guarantees it.

Ultrasonic cleaner with isopropanol solution.

Jokes on you, using AI I got that time down to 4 hours trying to convince it to create working code, and 3 hours of debugging.

I would get a backup tool that offers encryption, which is most of them. Popular choices are: tarsnap, restic and Borg.

And then install graphene OS

Nextcloud has collabora integrated.

I would put this stuff behind VPN.

Get a refurbished Lenovo thinkpad t470 or so from ebay, make sure it has full HD and comes from a commercial shop. All the Thinkpads work great with Ubuntu. They are good quality business notebooks, easy to repair with good parts availability. You can probably get one around 150 or so.

I repaired laptops for a living for a while and Thinkpads were always my favorite.

Seems weird to me, the router would need to do deep packet inspection of DNS and selectively block specific ones. It feels more like you’ve set up your DNS to do forwarding instead of resolution. Can you post a network diagram and the DNS config?

It’s a gas where the chemical reaction of the combustion has produced enough energy to heat it up to a temperature where it emits visible light. Kind of like a glowing piece of metal, but in gas form.

It’s a mixture of black body radiation and individual spectral lines.

The spectral lines happen when electrons fall from a high to a low energy state and the energy difference is emitted as light.

Black body radiation describes the fact that everything constantly emits electromagnetic radiation (=light). But what kind of light depends on the temperature with colder bodies like us humans emitting infrared whereas warmer bodies like the sun emit visible light. That is also why light temperature is a thing and the unit is Kelvin.

Here are some graphs and stuff: https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/648273/does-fire-emit-black-body-radiation

Do tcpdump host $server instead. Otherwise you will only see the request (the response goes to a different port).

Just to be sure you do dig A @server $domain (with the “A”) and can confirm the following

SERVER is your server

;; ANSWER SECTION is empty (or doesn’t exist)

;; AUTHORITY SECTION mentions your local DNS server

Also check

dig NS @server $domain

Is your server in the answer section?